Category Research Guides

What peptide bioregulators are, every Khavinson short peptide with its sequence (Vilon, Vesugen, Pinealon, Cardiogen, Cartalax and more), how they relate, and the limits of the evidence.

Vesugen is the tripeptide Lys-Glu-Asp (KED), the Khavinson-series bioregulator associated with blood vessels. Structure, endothelial and mouse-model research, and the limits of the evidence.

Cardiogen is the tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg (AEDR), the Khavinson-series bioregulator associated with heart tissue. Structure, proposed mechanism, and what the limited evidence does and does not show.

Cartalax is the tripeptide Ala-Glu-Asp (AED), a Khavinson-series bioregulator associated with cartilage. Structure, the chondrocyte and gene-expression studies, and the limits of the evidence.

AOD-9604 is a 16-residue fragment of the C-terminus of human growth hormone, designed to separate fat-metabolism effects from growth effects. Structure, rodent research and the human trial history.

DSIP is a nine-residue peptide isolated in 1977 and named for delta-wave EEG activity. Its structure, discovery, what researchers have measured, and why no receptor has been found.

Thymosin alpha-1 is a 28-residue acetylated thymic peptide studied for Toll-like receptor signaling in dendritic cells. Structure, history, research models and regulatory status.

What bacterial endotoxins are, how the LAL test measures them, what EU/ml means on a certificate, and why it matters for cell-based research.

HPLC measures purity, mass spectrometry confirms identity, and HPLC-MS (LC-MS/MS) does both in one run. How each method works and what to look for on a peptide COA.

A line-by-line guide to a peptide certificate of analysis: report numbers, lot numbers, HPLC purity, mass-spec identity, measured content and endotoxin.